Defining Relative Clauses

As the name suggests, defining relative clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about. Take for example the sentence: Dogs that like cats are very unusual. In this sentence we understand that there are many dogs in the world, but we are only talking about the ones that like cats. The defining relative clause gives us that information. If the defining relative clause were removed from the sentence, the sentence would still be gramatically correct, but its meaning would have changed significantly.

Defining relative clauses are composed of a relative pronoun (sometimes omitted), a verb, and optional other elements such as the subject or object of the verb. Commas are not used to separate defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentence. Commas or parentheses are used to separate non-defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentence.

Examples

1. Children who hate chocolate are uncommon.
2. They live in a house whose roof is full of holes.
3. An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries.
4. Let's go to a country where the sun always shines.
5. The reason why I came here today is not important.

http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/defining-relative-clauses/

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2 Tugas IV

Exercise 37 : Relative Clauses

1. The last record that was produced by this company became a gold record.

2. Checking accounts who require a minimum balance are very common now.

3. The professor to whom you spoke yesterday is not here today.

4. John, whose grades are the highest in the school, has received the scholarship.

5. Felipe bought a camera that has three lenses.

6. Frank is the man whom we are going to nominate for the office of treasurer.

7. The doctor is with a patient whose leg was broken in an accident.

8. Jane is the woman who is going to Chine next year.

9. Janet wants a typewriter who self-corrects.

10. This book that i found last week contains some useful information.

11. Mr. Bryant, whose team has lost the game, looks very sad.

12. James wrote an article that indicated thatt he disliked the president.

13. The director of teh program who graduated from Hardvard Univesrity is planning to retire next year.

14. This is the book that i have been looking for all the year.

15. Willian,, whose brother is a lawyer, wants to become a judge.

Exercise 38 : Relative Clause Reduction

1. George is the man chosen to represent the commite at the convention.
2. All of the money accepted has already been released.
3. The papers on the table belong to Patricia.
4. The man brought to the police station confessed to the crime.
5. The girl drinking coffe is Mary Allen.
6. John's wife, a professor, has written several papers on this subject.
7. The man talking to the policemanis my uncle.
8. The book on the top shelf is the one that i need.
9. The number of students been counted is quite high.
10. Leo, Evans, a doctor, eats in this restaurant every day.

Exercise 39 : Subjunctive

1. The teacher demanded the student to leave the room.
2. It was urgent that he called immediately.
3. It was very important that we delayed discussion.
4. She intends to move that the commite suspends discussion on this issue.
5. The king decreed the new laws to take effect the following months.
6. I propose that you should stop this rally.
7. I advise you take the prerequisites before registering for this course.
8. His father prefers him to attend a deifferent university.
9. The faculty stipulated the rule to be abolished.
10. She urged us to find another alternative.

Passive Voice

Passive voice is a grammatical voice common in many languages. In a clause with passive voice, the grammatical subject expresses the theme or patient of the main verb – that is, the person or thing that undergoes the action or has its state changed. This contrasts with active voice in which the subject has the agent role. For example, in the passive sentence "The tree was pulled down", the subject (the tree) denotes the patient rather than the agent of the action. In contrast, the sentences "Someone pulled down the tree" and "The tree is down" are active sentences.

Typically, in passive clauses, what is usually expressed by the object (or sometimes another argument) of the verb is now expressed by the subject, while what is usually expressed by the subject is either deleted, or is indicated by some adjunct of the clause. Thus, turning an active verb into a passive verb is a valence-decreasing process ("detransitivizing process"), because it turns transitive verbs into intransitive verbs. This is not always the case; for example in Japanese a passive-voice construction does not necessarily decrease valence.

Many languages have both an active and a passive voice; this allows for greater flexibility in sentence construction, as either the semantic agent or patient may take the syntatic role of subject. The use of passive voice allows speakers to organize stretches of discourse by placing figures other than the agent in subject position. This may be done to foreground the patient, recipient, or other thematic role it may also be useful when the semantic patient is the topic of on-going discussion. The passive voice may also be used to avoid specifying the agent of an action.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_voice

Tugas 3 : Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Exercise 32 : Enough

1. People enough
2. French enough
3. Enough time
4. Fast enough
5. Soon enough
6. Enough early
7. Hard enough
8. Slowly enough
9. Enough flour
10. Books enough

Exercise 33 : Because/Because Of

1. Because of
2. Because of
3. Because of
4. Because
5. Because
6. Because
7. Because of
8. Because of
9. Because of
10. Because of

Exercise 34 :  So/Such

1. So
2. Such
3. Such
4. So
5. So
6. So
7. Such
8. So
9. So
10. Such
11. So
12. So
13. Such
14. So
15. So

Exercise 35 :  Passive Voice

1. The president is called by somebody every day.
2. The other members are being called by John.
3. Mr. Watson will be called by somebody tonight.
4. Considerable damage has been caused by the fire.
5. The supplies should be bought be the teacher for this class.

Exercise 36 :  Causative Verbs

1. Leave
2. Repaired
3. Typed
4. Call
5. Painted
6. Write
7. Lie
8. Send
9. Cut
10. Signed
11. Leave
12. Washed
13. To fix
14. Published
15. To find

Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2 (Adverb)

Adverbs modify verbs. But they also modify adjectives and other adverbs, indicating "when" "in what way," and "to what degree." For example

1. He drove frantically.
2. The air was strangely silent.
3. He drove very frantically

In the first and last sentences, the adverb frantically modifies the verb drove. In the second sentence, strangely modifies the adjective silent. Note that in the third sentence, the adverb frantically is modified by the adverb very.

When you are describing something in a positive way, remember that good is an adjective, but well is in adverb. Thus, one of these sentences is incorrect :

1. I sing good
2. I sing well
3. I am a good singer.

The first one is wrong : the adjective good cannot modify the verb sing. Here is a contrasting example :
This works fine. Now, the adjective good modifies the noun singer.

Sumber : https://students.case.edu/education/peer/sagesguide/grammar/speech1.html

Tugas Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Exercise 26 : Adjectives and Adverbs

1. Well
2. Intense
3.  Brightly
4. Fluent
5. Fluently
6. Smooth
7. Accurately
8. Bitter
9. Soon
10. Fast

Exercise 27 : Linking (Copulative) Verbs

1.  Terrible
2. Good
3. Good
4. Calm
5. Sick
6. Quickly
7. Diligently
8. Vehemently
9. Relaxed
10. Noisy

Exercise 28 : Comparisons

1. As Soon
2. More important
3. As well
4. More expensive
5. As hot
6. More talented
7. More colorful
8. Happier
9. Worse
10. Faster

Exercise 29 : Comparisons

1. Than
2. Than
3. From
4. Than
5. As
6. Than
7. As
8. Than
9. Than
10. From

Exercise 30 : Comparisons

1. Better
2. Happiest
3. Faster
4. Creamiest
5. More colorful
6. Better
7. Good
8. More awkwardly
9. Least
10. prettier
11. The best
12. Than
13. Less impressive
14. The sicker
15. Than
16. Twice as much as
17. Few
18. Much
19. Farthest
20. More famous

Conditional Sentences

      Contoh  Conditional Sentences

         

           1. Form

Type	If-clause	Main clause
1	Simple Present	Will-future or (modal + infinitive)
2	Simple Past	Would + infinitive
3	Past Perfect	Would + have + past participle

2.      2. Example (If-clause at the beginning)

Type	If clause	Main clause
1	If I study,	I will pass the exam.
2	If I studied,	I would pass the exam.
3	If I had studied,	I would have passed the exam.

3.  Example (if-clause at the end)

Type	Main clause	If-clause
1	I will pass the exam	If I study.
2	I would pass the exam	If I studied.
3	I would have passed the exam	If I had studied.

Sumber :  http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if.htm

Tugas Softskill Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Exercise 21 page 97 : Conditional Sentences

1. Henry talks to his dog as if it understood him.

2. If they had left the house earlier, they would not have been so late getting to the airport that they could not check their baggage.

3. If I finish the dress before Saturday, I will give it to my sister for her birthday.

4. If I had seen the movie, I would tell you about it last night.

5. Had Bob not interfered ini his sister’s marital problem, there would have been peace between them.

6. He would give you the money if he had it.

7. I wish they stopped making so much noise so that I could concentrate.

8. She would call you immediately if she needed help.

9. Had they arrived at the sale early, they would have found a better selection.

10. We hope that you enjoyed the party last night.

11. If you have enough time, please paint the chair before you leave.

12. We could go for a drive if today were Saturday.

13. If she wins the prize, it will be because she writes very well.

14. Mike wished that the editors had permitted him to copy some of their material.

15. Joel wishes that he has spend his vacation on the Gulf Coast next year.

16. I will accept if they invite me to the party.

17. If your mother buys that car for you, will you be happy ?

18. If he had decided earlier, he could have left on the afternoon flight.

19. Had we known your address, we would have written you a letter.

20. If the roofer doesn’t come soon, the rain will leak inside.

21. Because Rose did so poorly on the exam, she wishes that she had studied harder last night.

22. My dog always wakes me up if he hears strange noises.

23. If you see Mary today, please ask her to call me.

24. If he gets the raise, it will be because he does a good job.

25. The teacher will not accept our work if we turn it in late.

26. Mrs. Wood always talks to her tenth-grade students as though they were adults.

27. If he had left already, he would have called us.

28. If they had known him, they would have talked to him.

29. He would understand it if you explained it to him more slowly.

30. I could understand the French teacher if she spoke more slowly.

 

Exercise 22 page 99 : Used To

1. I was used to eating at noon when I started school.

2. He used to eat dinner at five o’clock.

3. When I was young, I used to swim every day.

4. He used to like her, but he doesn’t anymore.

5. Don’t worry, some day you will get used to speaking English.

6. Alvaro can’t get used to studying.

7. He used to dance every night, but now he studies.

8. Adam is used to sleeping late on weekends.

9. Chieko is used to eating American food now.

10. She finally got used to eating our food.



Exercise 23 page 101-102 : Would Rather

1. We would rather stay home tonight.

2. Mr. Jones would rather had stayed home last night.

3. The policeman would rather work on Saturday than on Sunday.

4. Maria would rather that we studied more than we do.

5. George would rather not study tonight.

6. The photographer would rather have more light.

7. The photographer would rather that we stand closer together than we are standing.

8. Carmen would rather not cook for the entire family.

9. She would rather that you not arrived last night.

10. John would rather have slept than worked last night.



Exercise 24 page 105 : Must/Should + Perfective

1. Henri was deported for having an expired visa. He must have his visa renewed.

2. Juliette was absent for the first time yesterday, she should have been sick.

3. The photos are black. The X rays at the airport should have damage them.

4. Blanca got a parking ticket. She shouldn’t have parked in a reserved spot, since she had no permit.

5. Carmencita did very well on the exam. She must have studied very hard.

6. Jeanette did very badly on the exam. She must not have studied harder.

7. German called us as soon as his wife had her baby. He should have been very proud.

8. Eve had to pas $5.00 because she wrote a bad check. She must not have deposited her money before she wrote a check.

9. John isn’t here yet. He must have forgotten about our meeting.

10. Alexis failed the exam. He must not have studied enough.

 

Exercise 25 page 105-106 : Modals + Perfective

1. If I had a bicycle, I would ride it every day.

2. George would have gone on trip to Chicago if he had had time.

3. Marcela didn’t come to class yesterday. She may have had an accident.

4. John didn’t do his homework. So the teacher became very angry. John should have done his homework.

5. Sharon was supposed to be here at nine o’clock. She must have forgotten about our meeting.

6. Where do you think Juan is today ? I have no idea. He may have slept late.

7. George missed class today. He might have had an accident.

8. Robert arrived without his book. He could have lost it.

9. Thomas received a warning for speeding. He shouldn’t have driven so fast.

10. Henry’s car stopped on the highway. It may have run out of gas.

Pengambilan Keputusan Dalam Kondisi Risiko

Team 4

Andika Renda P

Febrina Silvy A.D

Heru Resdiana

Jaya Saputra Tuankotta

Randi Anshori

4EA01





KONSEPSI RISIKO
Risiko merupakan sesuatu, dalam hal ini yang akan diterima atau ditanggung oleh seseorang sebagai konsekuensi atau akibat dari suatu tindakan.

Berikut ini diberikan beberapa arti lain dari risiko.
a. Risiko adalah kesempatan timbulnya kerugian.
b. Risiko adalah kemungkinan timbulnya kerugian.
c. Risiko adalah ketidakpastian.
d. Risiko adalah penyimpangan hasil actual dari hasil yang diharapkan.
e. Risiko adalah suatu hasil yang berbeda dari hasil yang diharapkan.

Karakteristik Risiko	Penanganan Risiko
1.Langsung	1.Pencegahan
2.Tidak Langsung	2.Pengendalian
3.Tanggung Gugat	3.Pemindahan (Asuransi)
4.Perbuatan Oknum Tertentu Yang Dapat Menimbulkan Kerugian

KONDISI BERISIKO

Kondisi berisiko adalah suatu keadaaan yang memenuhi beberapa syarat, yaitu sebagai berikut:


• Ada alternatif tindakan yang fisibel (dapat dilakukan).

• Ada kemungkinan kejadian yang tidak pasti dengan masing-masing nilai probabilitas.

• Memiliki nilai “pay off” sebagai hasil kombinasi suatu tindakan dan kejadian tidak pasti tertentu.

PENGERTIAN PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN DALAM KONDISI BERISIKO

Pengambilan keputusan dalam kondisi berisiko adalah suatu kejadian atau keadaan dimana terjadi dua kemungkinan hasil (berhasil/gagal) yang akan terjadi jika mengambil suatu keputusan dalam suatu peristiwa.

TEKNIK PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN DALAM KONDISI BERESIKO

• Pendekatan nilai harapan

• nilai kesempatan yang hilang

• nilai harapan informasi sempurna.

a. Nilai harapan ( Expected Value )
Nilai harapan adalah jumlah dari kemungkinan nilai-nilai yang diharapkan terjadi terhadap probabilitas masing – masing dari suatu kejadian yang tidak pasti.

b. Nilai kesempatan yang hilang(EOL) adalah sejumlah pay off yang kemungkinan hilang karena tidak terpilihnya suatu alternative atau tindakan dengan pay off terbesar bagi kejadian tidak pasti yang sebenarnya terjadi.

c. Nilai harapan informasi sempurna.
Pengambilan keputusan mencoba untuk menghilangkan unsur-unsur ketidakpastian yg didasarkan pada adanya informasi sempurna atau tambahan tepat dan lengkap tentang kondisi dimasa yg akan datang.

Contoh Soal :
Seseorang dihadapkan pada masalah penyimpanan uangnya, apakah dalam bentuk deposito atau pembelian saham. Keuntungan yang akan diperoleh bergantung pada laju pertumbuhan ekonomi. Laju pertumbuhan ekonomi meningkat dengan probabilitas 35% dan menurun 0,65%. Jika deposito dipilih, keuntungannya adalah Rp 250.000.000pada saat pertumbuhan ekonomi meningkat dan Rp 175.000.000 pada saat menurun. Jika dipilih membeli saham, keuntungannya adalah Rp 350.000.000 pada saat pertumbuhan ekonomi meningkat dan Rp 125.000.000 pada saat menurun. Dengan menggunakan nilai harapan payoff terbesar, keputusan mana yang harus diambil?



Epd = 250 (0.35)+ 175 (0,65) = 201.25

Eps = 350 (0.35) +125(0.65) = 203,75

Oleh karena itu Ep = 203,75 terbesar, maka diputuskan untuk membeli saham didalam jangka panjang, secara rata –rata akan diperoleh keuntungan berupa bunga sebesar 203,75 juta rupiah.

Menghintung EOL



EOL a= 30.000

EOL b = 48.000

EOL c= 1500

Yg dipilh yg C karena nIlai OLnya yang paling kecil mksudnya probabilitas kerugiannya pling kecil yaitu 1500

NILAI HARAPAN INFORMASI SEMPURNA

• EVPI Selisih antara Nilai harapan dengan nilai informasi Sempurna EVWPI

• EV of PI = EV with PI – EV without PI

• EVPI = EVWPI – EV

• NHIS = NHIS – NH

• EWPI (NHTIS) = hasil perkalian antara maksimum baris (nilai Pay Off terbesar) dengan Probabilitas

• EV (NH) = Nilai harapan terbesar dari setiap alternatif atau tindakan

• EVPI (NHIS) = Jumlah maksimum yang dapat dibayarkan oleh pengambil keputusan untuk memperoleh informasi sempurna



http://gustimirah.blogspot.com/2009/12/pengambilan-keputusan-dalam-kondisi.html?m=1

Prinsip-Prinsip Anti Korupsi

1. Akuntabilitas
Akuntabilitas adalah kesesuaian antara aturan dan pelaksanaan kerja. Semua lembaga mempertanggung jawabkan kinerjanya sesuai aturan main baik dalam bentuk konvensi (de facto) maupun konstitusi (de jure), baik pada level budaya (individu dengan individu) maupun pada level lembaga.

2. Transparansi
Prinsip transparansi penting karena pemberantasan korupsi dimulai dari transparansi dan mengharuskan semua proses kebijakan dilakukan secara terbuka, sehingga segala bentuk penyimpangan dapat diketahui oleh publik. Transparansi menjadi pintu masuk sekaligus kontrol bagi seluruh proses dinamika struktural kelembagaan. Dlam bentuk yang paling sederhana, transparansi mengacu pada keterbukaan dan kejujuran untuk saling menjunjung tinggi kepercayaan (trust) karena kepercayaan, keterbukaan, dan kejujuran ini merupakan modal awal yang sangat berharga bagi semua orang untuk melanjutkan hidupnya di masa mendatang. Dalam prosesnya transparansi dibagi menjadi lima, yaitu :
– Proses penganggaran,
– Proses penyusunan kegiatan,
– Proses pembahasan,
– Proses pengawasan, dan
– Proses evaluasi.

3. Kewajaran
Prinsip fairness atau kewajaran ini ditunjukkan untuk mencegah terjadinya manipulasi (ketidakwajaran) dalam penganggaran, baik dalam bentuk mark up maupun ketidakwajaran dalam bentuk lainnya. Sifat-sifat prinsip ketidakwajaran ini terdiri dari lima hal penting komperehensif dan disiplin, fleksibilitas, terprediksi, kejujuran dan informatif. Komperehensif dan disiplin berarti mempertimbangkan keseluruhan aspek, berkesinambungan, taat asas, prinsip pembebanan, pengeluaran dan tidak melampaui batas (off budget). Fleksibilitas artinya adalah adanya kebijakan tertentu untuk mencapai efisiensi dan efektifitas. Terprediksi berarti adanya ketetapan dlam perencanaan atas dasar asas value for money untuk menghindari defisit dalam tahun anggaran berjalan.

4. Kebijakan
Kebijakan ini berperan untuk mengatur tata interaksi agar tidak terjadi penyimpangan yang dapat merugikan negara dan masyarakat. Kebijakan anti korupsi ini tidak selalu identik dengan undang-undang anti korupsi, namun bisa berupa undang-undang kebebasan mengakses informasi, undang-undang desentralisasi, undang-undang anti-monopoli, maupun lainnya yang dapat memudahkan masyarakat mengetahui sekaligus mengontrol terhadap kinerja dan penggunaan anggaran negara oleh para pejabat negara. Aspek-aspek kebijakan terdiri dari isi kebijakan, pembuat kebijakan, pelaksana kebijakan, kultur kebijakan.

5. Kontrol Kebijakan
Kontrol kebijakan merupakan upaya agar kebijakan yang dibuat betul-betul efektif dan mengeliminasi semua bentuk korupsi. Bentuk kontrol kebijakan berupa partisipasi, evolusi dan reformasi. Kontrol kebijakan partisipasi yaitu melakukan kontrol terhadap kebijakan dengan ikut serta dalam penyusunan dan pelaksanaannya. Kontrol kebijakan evolusi yaitu dengan menawarkan alternatif kebijakan baru yang dianggap lebih layak. Kontrol kebijakan reformasi yaitu mengontrol dengan mengganti kebijakan yang dianggap tidak sesuai.

http://muhammadapryadi.wordpress.com/tentang-ilmu-hukum/nilai-dan-prinsip-anti-korupsi/