Contoh Koperasi di Lingkungan

       Pada salah satu sekolah madrasah tsanawiyah di Jakarta, terdapat kegiatan koperasi yang mana anggotanya terdiri dari para guru dan karyawan. Koperasi tersebut di bentuk tahun 1990, jumlah anggota koperasi pada tahun 2012 adalah 57 orang yang terdiri atas guru dan karyawan. Jenis koperasi yang dijalankan adalah koperasi simpan-pinjam dan kredit barang. Cara kerja koperasi pada sekolah ini sama seperti koperasi-koperasi lainnya yakni :

-). Anggota dikenakan iuran wajib setiap bulannya sebesar Rp 25000

-). Anggota dapat meminjam uang maksimal sebesar Rp 3.000.000

-). Anggota dapat mengkredit barang

Demikianlah informasi koperasi yang ada di salah satu sekolah Madrasah Tsanawiyah di Jakarta.

Undang-Undang no 25 tahun 1992 Tentang Koperasi

Pasal 1

Dalam Undang-undang ini yang dimaksud dengan :

Koperasi adalah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang-seorang atau badan hukum Koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip Koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan.


Perkoperasian adalah segala sesuatu yang menyangkut kehidupan Koperasi.
Koperasi Primer adalah Koperasi yang didirikan oleh dan beranggotakan orang-seorang.
Koperasi Sekunder adalah Koperasi yang didirikan oleh dan beranggotakan Koperasi.
Gerakan Koperasi adalah keseluruhan organisasi Koperasi dan kegiatan perkoperasian yang bersifat terpadu menuju tercapainya cita-cita bersama Koperasi.

Pasal 2

Koperasi berlandaskan Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 serta berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan.

Pasal 3

Koperasi bertujuan memajukan kesejahteraan anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya serta ikut membangun tatanan perekonomian nasional dalam rangka mewujudkan masyarakat yang maju, adil, dan makmur berlandaskan Pancasila dan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945.

Pasal 4

Fungsi dan peran Koperasi adalah :

a. membangun dan mengembangkan potensi dan kemampuan ekonomi anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya, untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosialnya;

b. berperan serta secara aktif dalam upaya mempertinggi kualitas kehidupan manusia dan masyarakat;

c. memperkokoh perekonomian rakyat sebagai dasar kekuatan dan ketahanan perekonomian nasional dengan Koperasi sebagai sokogurunya;

d. berusaha untuk mewujudkan dan mengembangkan perekonomian nasional yang merupakan usaha bersama berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan dan demokrasi ekonomi.

Pasal 5

(1) Koperasi melaksanakan prinsip Koperasi sebagai berikut :

a. keanggotaan bersifat sukarela dan terbuka;

b. pengelolaan dilakukan secara demokratis;

c. pembagian sisa hasil usaha dilakukan secara adil sebanding dengan besarnya jasa usaha masing-masing anggota;

d. pemberian balas jasa yang terbatas terhadap modal;

e. kemandirian

(2) Dalam mengembangkan Koperasi, maka koperasi melaksanakan pula prinsip Koperasi sebagai berikut :

a. pendidikan perkoperasian;

b. kerja sama antarkoperasi.

Sumber : http://www.smecda.com/Files/infosmecda/uu_permen/UU25.htm

The Role of Computers in Business

Information Technology, like language, affects us on many levels and has fast become integral to all of our lives.   In this course we aim to strike a balance in studying both the social and commercial forces of Information Technology, and networking, in particular. 
Let's take a moment here to introduce the commercial forces.

I am quite certain that each and everyone of you has witnessed first hand, even if it wasn't readily obvious, the impact that computers and computer networks have had on business.
In fact, by now the role of computers in business has risen to the point where computer networks, even more than personnel, are synonymous with the corporate entity.  Is this not true?
What do I mean?  Dell Computers ? isn?t a group of people making and selling personal computers as much as it is a collection of loosely affiliated computer systems that, upon receiving an order or customer service request (all online!), come together in a linear process to do a job.  Cisco Systems ? isn?t so much a manufacturer of switches as it is a trusted brand name and expert marketer who happens to use the Internet and a sophisticated ?network of networks? to weave together suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors to form a coordinated, fully branded, fully customized virtual entity that we know as Cisco. When orders slowed in 1999, Cisco?s response involved rationalizing their supply-base ? leaving capital-intensive subcontractors to squeeze already razor thin margins just to participate in the new, leaner, and ever-responsive sales network.  Indeed Cisco?s information systems are their competitive advantage.
Computers and computer networks act as the central nervous system of today?s enterprise.  Today's regular business people aren?t just relying on them...they're directly administering, monitoring, and configuring them.   While IT staff with specialized skills may focus on application development, integration, and support, today?s business professional requires information technology knowledge to navigate and operate IT systems, to design, customize, and test systems for competitive advantage, and to seek out and identify new solutions that can transform their business.

My opinion about this article :

            Information Technology, like language, affects us on many levels and has fast become integral to all of our lives.   In this course we aim to strike a balance in studying both the social and commercial forces of Information Technology, and networking, in particular.

This article was taken from :

http://exonous.typepad.com/mis/2004/09/the_role_of_com.html

Import and Export

Import
"Imports" consist of transactions in goods and services (sales, barter, gifts or grants) from non-residents residents to residents. The exact definition of imports in national accounts includes and excludes specific "borderline" cases. A general delimitation of imports in national accounts is given below:

• An import of a good occurs when there is a change of ownership from a non-resident to a resident; this does not necessarily imply that the good in question physically crosses the frontier. However, in specific cases national accounts impute changes of ownership even though in legal terms no change of ownership takes place (e.g. cross border financial leasing, cross border deliveries between affiliates of the same enterprise, goods crossing the border for significant processing to order or repair). Also smuggled goods must be included in the import measurement.
• Imports of services consist of all services rendered by non-residents to residents. In national accounts any direct purchases by residents outside the economic territory of a country are recorded as imports of services; therefore all expenditure by tourists in the economic territory of another country are considered as part of the imports of services. Also international flows of illegal services must be included.

Basic trade statistics often differ in terms of definition and coverage from the requirements in the national accounts:

• Data on international trade in goods are mostly obtained through declarations to custom services. If a country applies the general trade system, all goods entering the country are recorded as imports. If the special trade system (e.g. extra-EU trade statistics) is applied goods which are received into customs warehouses are not recorded in external trade statistics unless they subsequently go into free circulation of the importing country.
• A special case is the intra-EU trade statistics. Since goods move freely between the member states of the EU without customs controls, statistics on trade in goods between the member states must be obtained through surveys. To reduce the statistical burden on the respondents small scale traders are excluded from the reporting obligation.
• Statistical recording of trade in services is based on declarations by banks to their central banks or by surveys of the main operators. In a globalized economy where services can be rendered via electronic means (e.g. internet) the related international flows of services are difficult to identify.
• Basic statistics on international trade normally do not record smuggled goods or international flows of illegal services. A small fraction of the smuggled goods and illegal services may nevertheless be included in official trade statistics through dummy shipments or dummy declarations that serve to conceal the illegal nature of the activities.

Export
In national accounts "exports" consist of transactions in goods and services (sales, barter, gifts or grants) from residents to non-residents. The exact definition of exports includes and excludes specific "borderline" cases. A general delimitation of exports in national accounts is given below:

• An export of a good occurs when there is a change of ownership from a resident to a non-resident; this does not necessarily imply that the good in question physically crosses the frontier. However, in specific cases national accounts impute changes of ownership even though in legal terms no change of ownership takes place (e.g. cross border financial leasing, cross border deliveries between affiliates of the same enterprise, goods crossing the border for significant processing to order or repair). Also smuggled goods must be included in the export measurement.
• Export of services consist of all services rendered by residents to non-residents. In national accounts any direct purchases by non-residents in the economic territory of a country are recorded as exports of services; therefore all expenditure by foreign tourists in the economic territory of a country is considered as part of the exports of services of that country. Also international flows of illegal services must be included.

National accountants often need to make adjustments to the basic trade data in order to comply with national accounts concepts; the concepts for basic trade statistics often differ in terms of definition and coverage from the requirements in the national accounts:

• Data on international trade in goods are mostly obtained through declarations to custom services. If a country applies the general trade system, all goods entering or leaving the country are recorded. If the special trade system (e.g. extra-EU trade statistics) is applied goods which are received into customs warehouses are not recorded in external trade statistics unless they subsequently go into free circulation in the country of receipt.
• A special case is the intra-EU trade statistics. Since goods move freely between the member states of the EU without customs controls, statistics on trade in goods between the member states must be obtained through surveys. To reduce the statistical burden on the respondents small scale traders are excluded from the reporting obligation.
• Statistical recording of trade in services is based on declarations by banks to their central banks or by surveys of the main operators. In a globalized economy where services can be rendered via electronic means (e.g. internet) the related international flows of services are difficult to identify.
• Basic statistics on international trade normally do not record smuggled goods or international flows of illegal services. A small fraction of the smuggled goods and illegal services may nevertheless be included in official trade statistics through dummy shipments or dummy declarations that serve to conceal the illegal nature of the activities.

My opinion about this article :

            "Imports" consist of transactions in goods and services (sales, barter, gifts or grants) from non-residents residents to residents. Export of services consist of all services rendered by residents to non-residents. In national accounts any direct purchases by non-residents in the economic territory of a country are recorded as exports of services.

This article was taken from :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Import

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export

Modern Banking

Modern Banking is a sequel to the highly successful Modern Banking in Theory and Practice, first published in 1996. Over the last decade many aspects of banking have changed considerably, though the key features that distinguish banks from other financial institutions remain. Some might question the need for a book on banking rather than one on financial institutions - while banks remain special and unique to the financial sector, books need to be devoted to them.

Modern Banking focuses on the theory and practice of banking, and its prospects in the new millennium. The book is written for courses in banking and finance at Masters/MBA level, or undergraduate degrees specialising in this area. Bank practitioners wishing to deepen and broaden their understanding of banking issues may also be attracted to this book. While they often have exceptional and detailed knowledge of the areas they have worked in, busy bankers may be all too unaware of the key broader issues. Consider the fundamental questions: What is unique about a bank? and What differentiates it from other financial institutions? Answering these questions begins to show how banks should evolve and adapt - or fail. If bankers know the underlying reasons for why profitable banks exist, it will help them to devise strategies for sustained growth.

Modern Banking concludes with a set of case studies that give practical insight into the key issues covered in the book:

• The core banking functions
• Different types of banks and diversification of bank activities
• Risk management: issues and techniques
• Global regulation: Basel 1 and Basel 2.
• Bank regulation in the UK, US, EU, and Japan
• Banking in emerging markets
• Bank failure and financial crises
• Competitive issues, from cost efficiency to mergers and acquisitions
• Case Studies including: Goldman Sachs, Bankers Trust/Deutsche Bank, Sumitomo Mitsui, Bancomer

About the Author

Professor Shelagh Heffernan is currently Professor of Banking and Finance at Cass Business School, City University, London and has been a visiting Professor at several universities. Modern Banking is her fourth book.
A former Commonwealth Scholar at Oxford University, Professor Heffernan is also a past beneficiary of a Leverhulme Trust Research Award, which funded new research on competition in banking, and recently received a second award from the Leverhulme Trust. She publishes in top academic journals - her paper, ‘How do UK Institutions Really Price their Banking Products?’ (Journal of Banking and Finance) was chosen as one of the top 50 published articles by Emerald Management Review.
Current research includes: SMEs and banking services, the conversion of mutuals to bank stock firms, monetary policy and pass through (funded by an ESRC grant), and M&As in banking. Professor Heffernan is an Associate Member of the Higher Education Academy and has received two Distinguished Teaching and Learning awards.

My opinion about this article :

                Modern Banking focuses on the theory and practice of banking, and its prospects in the new millennium. The book is written for courses in banking and finance at Masters/MBA level, or undergraduate degrees specialising in this area.

This article was taken from :

 http://www.amazon.com/Modern-Banking-Shelagh-Heffernan/dp/0470095008