Marketing

Marketing is defined by the AMA as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large."
It can also be defined for business to consumer marketing as "the process by which companies create value for customers and build strong customer relationships, in order to capture value from customers in return". For business to business marketing, it can be defined as creating value, solutions, and relationships either short term or long term with a company or brand.

Marketing is used to identify the customer, satisfy the customer, and keep the customer. With the customer as the focus of its activities, marketing management is one of the major components of business management. Marketing evolved to meet the stasis in developing new markets caused by mature markets and overcapacities in the last 2-3 centuriesThe adoption of marketing strategies requires businesses to shift their focus from production to the perceived needs and wants of their customers as the means of staying profitable.

The term marketing concept holds that achieving organizational goals depends on knowing the needs and wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfactions. It proposes that in order to satisfy its organizational objectives, an organization should anticipate the needs and wants of consumers and satisfy these more effectively than competitors.

The term developed from an original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering marketing is "a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions, whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new approaches."

Evolution of marketing

An orientation, in the marketing context, related to a perception or attitude a firm holds towards its product or service, essentially concerning consumers and end-users. Throughout history, marketing has changed considerably in conjunction with consumer tastes.

Earlier approaches

The marketing orientation evolved from earlier orientations, namely, the production orientation, the product orientation and the selling orientation.

Orientation	Profit driver	Western European timeframe	Description
Production	Production methods	until the 1950s	A firm focusing on a production orientation specializes in producing as much as possible of a given product or service. Thus, this signifies a firm exploiting economies of scale until the minimum efficient scale is reached. A production orientation may be deployed when a high demand for a product or service exists, coupled with a good certainty that consumer tastes will not rapidly alter (similar to the sales orientation).
Product	Quality of the product	until the 1960s	A firm employing a product orientation is chiefly concerned with the quality of its own product. A firm would also assume that as long as its product was of a high standard, people would buy and consume the product.
Selling	Selling methods	1950s and 1960s	A firm using a sales orientation focuses primarily on the selling/promotion of a particular product, and not determining new consumer desires as such. Consequently, this entails simply selling an already existing product, and using promotion techniques to attain the highest sales possible. Such an orientation may suit scenarios in which a firm holds dead stock, or otherwise sells a product that is in high demand, with little likelihood of changes in consumer tastes that would diminish demand.
Marketing	Needs and wants of customers	1970 to present day	The 'marketing orientation' is perhaps the most common orientation used in contemporary marketing. It involves a firm essentially basing its marketing plans around the marketing concept, and thus supplying products to suit new consumer tastes. As an example, a firm would employ market research to gauge consumer desires, use R&D to develop a product attuned to the revealed information, and then utilize promotion techniques to ensure persons know the product exists.

Contemporary approaches

Recent approaches in marketing include relationship marketing with focus on the customer, business marketing or industrial marketing with focus on an organization or institution and social marketing with focus on benefits to society. New forms of marketing also use the internet and are therefore called internet marketing or more generally e-marketing, online marketing, search engine marketing, desktop advertising or affiliate marketing. It attempts to perfect the segmentation strategy used in traditional marketing. It targets its audience more precisely, and is sometimes called personalized marketing or one-to-one marketing. Internet marketing is sometimes considered to be broad in scope, because it not only refers to marketing on the Internet, but also includes marketing done via e-mail and wireless media.

Orientation	Profit driver	Western European timeframe	Description
Relationship marketing / Relationship management	Building and keeping good customer relations	1960s to present day	Emphasis is placed on the whole relationship between suppliers and customers. The aim is to provide the best possible customer service and build customer loyalty.
Business marketing / Industrial marketing	Building and keeping relationships between organizations	1980s to present day	In this context, marketing takes place between businesses or organizations. The product focus lies on industrial goods or capital goods rather than consumer products or end products. Different forms of marketing activities, such as promotion, advertising and communication to the customer are used.
Social marketing	Benefit to society	1990s to present day	Similar characteristics as marketing orientation but with the added proviso that there will be a curtailment of any harmful activities to society, in either product, production, or selling methods.
Branding	Brand value	1980s to present day	In this context, "branding" is the main company philosophy and marketing is considered an instrument of branding philosophy.

My opinion about this article :

                Marketing is defined by the AMA as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large For business to business marketing, it can be defined as creating value, solutions, and relationships either short term or long term with a company or brand.

This article was taken from :

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing

Question Tag

1. Negatif Question Tag
Auxiliary+n’t   +   pronoun?
(pronoun merupakan kata ganti dari subyek pada kalimat positif)
Contoh:

~       isn’t it?  ~      aren’t you? ~       aren’t they? ~       wasn’t she? ~       weren’t you?

~        don’t you?  ~        doesn’t he? ~        don’t they? ~        didn’t you? ~        didn’t they?

~       hasn’t she?  ~      haven’t you? ~       hadn’t he? ~       can’t you? ~       shouldn’t I?

2. Positif Question Tag
Auxiliary   +   pronoun?
(pronoun merupakan kata ganti dari subyek pada kalimat positif)
Contoh:

~       is it?  ~       are you? ~       are they? ~       was she? ~       were you?

~        do you?  ~        does he? ~        do they? ~        did you? ~        did they?

~       has she?  ~       have you? ~       had he? ~       can you? ~       should I?

B. RUMUS

1. Kalimat Positif  , negative Question tag?
Contoh:
-     Heni is a dancer, isn’t she ?

Perkecualian:I am smart, aren’t I?

You like milk, don’t you?
-     Andien went to Bali, didn’t she?
-     They will go to Bandung, won’t they?
-     Agnes comes from Italy, doesn’t she?
-     This is your house, isn’t it?
-     Those are your cars, aren’t they?
2. Kalimat Negatif  ,  positif Question tag?
Contoh:
-     Raymond isn’t an artist, is he?
-     You aren’t a student, are you?
-    They weren’t at home, were they?
-     You don’t like gardening, do you?
-     Ganis didn’t go to Africa, did she?